Validity of Agreements in the Digital era: Study of Electronic Contracts, Cryptocurrencies and Non-Fungible Tokens
)
(1) Faculty of Law Pattimura University, Ambon, Indonesia
Corresponding Author
Abstract
Introduction: E-commerce transactions that develop, of course, bring changes to agreements that have been carried out conventionally, the digital era has finally brought about a new world called the metaverse with a number of assets in the form of objects such as Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT) and Crypto Currency that only exist in cyberspace.
Purposes of the Research: The purpose of this research is to examine how the validity of agreements in the digital era, especially regarding electronic contracts and the purchase of Crypto Currency and NFT from Indonesian law persperctive.
Methods of the Research: This research is descriptive analytical with a normative juridical type using primary, secondary and tertiary data from literature studies, both legislation and legal literature and other documents.
Results of the Research: Both electronic contracts and electronic signatures used in e-commerce already have a legal basis so that their use is not something that is prohibited. Talking about the validity of an agreement will not be separated from Article 1320 of the Civil Code which requires 4 points that must be fulfilled in order for an agreement to be valid in the eyes of the law. This also applies to buying and selling crypto and NFT. Crypto is actually a currency, not recognized by the state. However, crypto can be traded and recognized as a trading commodity. NFT does not yet have special regulations, but the legal requirements for buying and selling NFT are still met even if the transaction uses crypto.
Keywords
DOI
10.47268/sasi.v28i3.834
Published
2022-10-13
How To Cite
@article{SASI834,
author = {Ronald Sopamena},
title = {Validity of Agreements in the Digital era: Study of Electronic Contracts, Cryptocurrencies and Non-Fungible Tokens},
journal = {SASI},
volume = {28},
number = {3},
year = {2022},
keywords = {Agreement; Digital Era; Crypto Currency; Non Fungible Token},
abstract = {Introduction: E-commerce transactions that develop, of course, bring changes to agreements that have been carried out conventionally, the digital era has finally brought about a new world called the metaverse with a number of assets in the form of objects such as Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT) and Crypto Currency that only exist in cyberspace.Purposes of the Research: The purpose of this research is to examine how the validity of agreements in the digital era, especially regarding electronic contracts and the purchase of Crypto Currency and NFT from Indonesian law persperctive.Methods of the Research: This research is descriptive analytical with a normative juridical type using primary, secondary and tertiary data from literature studies, both legislation and legal literature and other documents.Results of the Research: Both electronic contracts and electronic signatures used in e-commerce already have a legal basis so that their use is not something that is prohibited. Talking about the validity of an agreement will not be separated from Article 1320 of the Civil Code which requires 4 points that must be fulfilled in order for an agreement to be valid in the eyes of the law. This also applies to buying and selling crypto and NFT. Crypto is actually a currency, not recognized by the state. However, crypto can be traded and recognized as a trading commodity. NFT does not yet have special regulations, but the legal requirements for buying and selling NFT are still met even if the transaction uses crypto.},
issn = {2614-2961}, pages = {336--343} doi = {10.47268/sasi.v28i3.834},
url = {https://fhukum.unpatti.ac.id/jurnal/sasi/article/view/834}
}
Journal Article
AMBORO, Yudhi Priyo; CHRISTI, Agustina. “Prospek Pengaturan Cryptocurrency Sebagai Mata Uang Virtual Di Indonesia (Studi Perbandingan Hukum Jepang Dan Singapura).” Journal of Judicial Review 21, no. 2 (2019). https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.37253/jjr.v21i2.665.
Fairfield, Joshua. “Tokenized: The Law of Non-Fungible Tokens and Unique Digital Property.” Indiana Law Journal, 2021, 1–99.
Ferreira, Agata, and Philipp Sandner. “Eu Search for Regulatory Answers to Crypto Assets and Their Place in the Financial Markets’ Infrastructure.” Computer Law and Security Review 43 (November 2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CLSR.2021.105632.
Hudzaifah, Husnul. “Keabsahan Tanda Tangan Elektronik Dalam Pembuktian Hukum Acara Perdata Indonesia.” Katalogis 3, no. 5 (2015): 194–204.
Ilmih, Andi Aina, and A. Zulkarnain. “Ideal Electronic Contract Model As a Form of E-Commerce Disputes Settlement.” Jurnal Pembaharuan Hukum 6, no. 1 (2019): 77–87.
Setiawan, W. “Era Digital Dan Tantangannya. Seminar Nasional Pendidikan.” Seminar Nasional Pendidikan, 2017, 1–9.
Trotz, Ethan D. “The Times They Are a Changin: Surveying How the Howey Test Applies to Various Cryptocurrencies.” ELON. L. REV 11 (2019).
Book
HS, Salim. Hukum Kontrak, Teori & Tekriik Penyusunan Kontrak. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2008.
Marzuki, Peter Mahmud. Penelitian Hukum,. Jakarta: Kencana, 2016.
Muhammad, Abdul Kadir. Hukum Perikatan. Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti, 1992.
Oswaldo, Geordi. “Pengertian NFT, Cara Buat, Jual Dan Belinya,” 2022.
Subekti, R. Hukum Perjanjian. Jakarta: Intermasa, 2002.
RIA. “Belanda Berulang Kali Revisi, Indonesia Masih Gunakan KUHPer ‘Usang,’” 2015.
Thesis, Web Page, and Others
Ashford, Kate. “What Is Cryptocurrency?,” 2022.
coinformant. “Crypto Interest Index,” n.d.
Lestari, Reni. “Mau Investasi Aset Kripto? Ini 4 Platform Terbaik Jual-Beli Cryptocurrency Artikel Ini Telah Tayang Di Bisnis.Com Dengan Judul ‘Mau Investasi Aset Kripto? Ini 4 Platform Terbaik Jual-Beli Cryptocurrency’, Klik Selengkapnya Di Sini: Https://Ekonomi.Bisnis.,” 2021.
Wang, Qin, Rujia Li, Qi Wang, and Shiping Chen. “Non-Fungible Token (NFT): Overview, Evaluation, Opportunities and Challenges,” 2021.
: 1755 times
Download : 1290 times
Cited-By:
1. Comprehensive analysis of non-fungible tokens valuation and accounting under IFRS: Challenges and artificial intelligence implications
Mfon Akpan, Henry Ugochukwu Ukwu
Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions vol: 13 issue: 3 first page: 8 year: 2023
Type: Journal [View Source]
Copyright (c) 2022 Ronald Fadly Sopamena
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Cited-By:
1. Comprehensive analysis of non-fungible tokens valuation and accounting under IFRS: Challenges and artificial intelligence implications
Mfon Akpan, Henry Ugochukwu Ukwu
Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions vol: 13 issue: 3 first page: 8 year: 2023
Type: Journal [View Source]
Email this article 
